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2b:["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"The Problem:"}]," An OS memory manager is fundamentally \"blind.\" It has no understanding of the application's data. It might evict a critical index page from a database while keeping a rarely used data cache page in memory, simply because the data cache was touched more recently."]}]
2c:["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"The USM Solution:"}]," USM provides a hinting library (",["$","code",null,{"children":"lib_usm"}],") that allows an application to send arbitrary, custom information directly to its memory policy."]}]
2d:["$","p",null,{"children":["$","strong",null,{"children":"Example Use Case: A Smarter Database Eviction Policy"}]}]
2e:["$","ol",null,{"children":["\n",["$","li",null,{"children":["\n",["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Application Code:"}]," The database, when loading its index, uses ",["$","code",null,{"children":"lib_usm"}]," to \"tag\" that memory region."]}],"\n",["$","div",null,{"className":"my-5 relative group","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"absolute top-3 right-2.5 z-10 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-100 transition-opacity duration-200","children":["$","$L28",null,{"content":"// Database Application Code\r\nindex_buffer = mmap(...);\r\nusm_hint(index_buffer, \"PRIORITY=HIGH; EVICTION=DENY\");\r\n\r\ndata_cache = mmap(...);\r\nusm_hint(data_cache, \"PRIORITY=LOW; EVICTION=ALLOW\");\n"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"relative","children":["$","pre",null,{"className":"language-c","children":["$","code",null,{"className":"language-c code-highlight","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"code-line","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"token comment","children":"// Database Application Code"}],"\r\n"]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"code-line","children":["index_buffer ",["$","span",null,{"className":"token operator","children":"="}]," ",["$","span",null,{"className":"token function","children":"mmap"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":"("}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":"."}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":"."}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":"."}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":")"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":";"}],"\r\n"]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"code-line","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"token function","children":"usm_hint"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":"("}],"index_buffer",["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":","}]," ",["$","span",null,{"className":"token string","children":"\"PRIORITY=HIGH; EVICTION=DENY\""}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":")"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":";"}],"\r\n"]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"code-line","children":"\r\n"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"code-line","children":["data_cache ",["$","span",null,{"className":"token operator","children":"="}]," ",["$","span",null,{"className":"token function","children":"mmap"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":"("}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":"."}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":"."}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":"."}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":")"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":";"}],"\r\n"]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"code-line","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"token function","children":"usm_hint"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":"("}],"data_cache",["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":","}]," ",["$","span",null,{"className":"token string","children":"\"PRIORITY=LOW; EVICTION=ALLOW\""}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":")"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"token punctuation","children":";"}],"\n"]}]]}]}]}]]}],"\n"]}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":["\n",["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Policy Code:"}]," The ",["$","code",null,{"children":"usm_evict_fallback"}]," function receives these hints. When choosing a victim page, it can now make an intelligent, application-aware decision."]}],"\n",["$","div",null,{"className":"my-5 relative group","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"absolute top-3 right-2.5 z-10 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-100 transition-opacity duration-200","children":["$","$L28",null,{"content":"// Eviction Policy Code\r\nstruct page* choose_victim_page() {\r\n    // Iterate through used pages and check their hints.\r\n    for each page in usedList {\r\n        const char* hint = get_hint_for_page(page);\r\n        if (hint && strcmp(hint, \"EVICTION=ALLOW\") == 0) {\r\n            return page; // Found a low-priority victim!\r\n        }\r\n    }\r\n    // ... fallback to other logic if no low-priority pages are found ...\r\n}\n"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"relative","children":["$","pre",null,{"className":"language-c","children":["$","code",null,{"className":"language-c code-highlight","children":["$L39","$L3a","$L3b","$L3c","$L3d","$L3e","$L3f","$L40","$L41","$L42","$L43"]}]}]}]]}],"\n"]}],"\n"]}]
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30:["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"The Problem:"}]," Hardware huge pages (e.g., 2MB or 1GB) can improve performance by reducing TLB misses, but their large, fixed sizes can lead to significant internal fragmentation if an application doesn't need the full page."]}]
31:["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"The USM Solution:"}]," A policy can create its own \"Flexible Huge Pages\" of any arbitrary size (e.g., 64KB, 128KB)."]}]
32:["$","ul",null,{"children":["\n",["$","li",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"How it Works:"}]," The ",["$","code",null,{"children":"usm_alloc"}]," function, upon receiving the ",["$","em",null,{"children":"first"}]," page fault in a new memory region, doesn't just allocate one page. It preemptively allocates and maps ",["$","code",null,{"children":"N"}]," contiguous ",["$","em",null,{"children":"virtual"}]," pages."]}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"The Benefit:"}]," This drastically reduces the number of page fault events the kernel has to process, lowering overhead. The ",["$","code",null,{"children":"get_pages_prep"}]," function in ",["$","code",null,{"children":"policiesSet1.c"}]," is a real-world example of this batch-allocation logic."]}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"The Result:"}]," The paper shows this can improve the performance of fault-sensitive applications like Redis and ",["$","code",null,{"children":"memflt"}]," by ",["$","strong",null,{"children":"8-88%"}],"."]}],"\n"]}]
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